Literary Projection of Nature and Environment in AbhijñÄna-ÅšÄkuntalam: Reflection of Faith-Based Care for the Environment
Abstract
AbhijñÄna ÅšÄkuntalam, as Sanskrit play by the renowned poet KÄlidÄsa offers the utmost importance to nature and the environment. It is the responsibility of all and everyone, irrespective of their social strata; king, sages, their sons and daughter and their disciples’ given equal responsibility and accountability to care for the environment. The king is advised not to kill the animals roaming inside a guarded territory of the Āśrama (cottage) of the sages. ÅšakuntalÄ was advised by her father Kaṇva to look after the plants and animals. The reciprocal nature of mutual dependence between Human and Environment vividly delved in AbhijñÄna ÅšÄkuntalam. The King’s major responsibility includes preserving environment, one such example; the text eludes King Duá¹£yanta, taming a mad elephant, destroying the plants, while the king introduces himself to the ÅšakuntalÄ the very first time, another example is, the opening statement in AbhijñÄna ÅšÄkuntalam reflects the concern of environment protection, the very importance of the people who care and nurture environment and have describes as: YÄsṛṣá¹iḥsraá¹£á¹urÄdyÄ vahatividhihutaṃ yÄhaviryÄ ca hotrÄ«, Ye DvekÄlaṃ vidhattaḥ Å›rÅ«tiviá¹£aya guá¹‡Ä yÄ sthitÄ vyÄpyaviÅ›vam, YÄm Ähuḥ sarvabÄ«ja-praká¹›tiriti yayÄ prÄṇinaḥ prÄṇavantaḥ, Pratyaká¹£Äbhiḥ prapannastanubhiravatuvastÄbhiraá¹£á¹ÄbhirÄ«Å›aḥ [A.S 1.1]. Eight forms has Shiva, Lord of all and king: And these are water, first created thing; And fire, which speeds the sacrifice begun; those who care for nature; and time’s dividers, moon and sun; The all-embracing ether, path of sound; The earth, wherein all seeds of life are found; And air, the breath of life: may he draws near, Revealed in these, and bless those gathered here (Ryder,1999). The eight elements described in AbhijñÄna ÅšÄkuntalam viz; the five gross elements along with time and space, and the people in general who care for nature are considered to be the constituents of god or Shiva. The environment and nature treated here as one entity represented here as, Lord Shiva, one of the trinities of Hindu god, shows the reflection of faith in relation to the care for the environment
Downloads
References
E.H.Johnston, The Buddhacarita, Acts of the Buddha, 1972
Kale M. R-AbhijñÄnaÅ›Äkuntalam of KÄlidÄsa-Motilal Banarsidass publishers private limited, Delhi.
Kale. M.R. 1967 Malatimadhava of Bhavabhuti, MLBD.Delhi.
Krishnamacariar, M. (1974) History of Classical Sanskrit Literature, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi.
Krishnamoorthy. K- KÄlidÄsa-Sahitya Akademi, NewDelhi.
Macdonell, A.A. (1971) A History of Sanskrit Literature, Motilal Banarsidass,
MacDonell, Arthur (2004). A History of Sanskrit Literature (in Norwegian). Kessinger Publishing ISBN 978-1-4179-0619-2.
Mainkar, T.G. (1971) Studies in Sanskrit Dramatic Criticism, Motilal Banarsidass Delhi,
Mirashi, V.V. (1974) Bhavabhūti, His Date, Life and Works, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Varanasi, 1st edn.
Morgan, Les (2011). Croaking frogs: a guide to Sanskrit metrics and figures of speech. Los Angeles: Mahodara Press. p. 1.
Narang S.P-Juridical studies in KÄlidasa-Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan,New Delhi.
Ranganath .S.(2009) Modern Sanskrit in Karnataka , New Delhi , Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan P.7.ISBN 978-81-86111-21-5.
Sharma, Yogeshwaradatta. KÄvyÄdarÅ›a, with Há¹›dayaá¹…gamÄ-PrabhÄ-Vivá¹›ttiá¹Ä«kÄ commentary. New Delhi: Nag Publishers, 1999.
Shastri, Satyavrat. BhavitavyÄnÄṃ DvÄrÄṇi Bhavanti Sarvatra. Ä€tmakathÄ. Delhi: Vijaya Books, 2015.Shrivastava, A. L. History of India. Agra: Shiva Lal Agrawal & Co. Educational Publishers, 1998.
